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以下内容来自 http://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Mafia_(game)
Mafia (also known as Werewolf) is a party game modeling a battle between an informed minority and an uninformed majority. During a basic game, players are secretly given roles: either "mafia", who know each other; or "innocents", who know only the number of mafia amongst them. During the 'night' the Mafia decide who to 'kill'. During the 'day' players debate about who the Mafia are and 'hang' someone whom they believe is a Mafia. Players are eliminated until only innocents or mafia remain; the surviving side wins. Mafia is rarely played in groups of fewer than five, and must always start with more innocents than mafia.
History
Mafia was created by Dimma Davidoff at the Psychological Department of Moscow State University in spring of 1986, and the first players were playing in classrooms, dorms, and summer camps of Moscow University.[1] The game became popular in other Soviet colleges and schools and in the 1990s it began to be played in Europe (Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, England, Norway) and then the United States. Mafia is considered to be one of "the 50 most historically and culturally significant games published since 1800" by about.com.[2]
Andrew Plotkin gave the rules a Werewolf theme in 1997[3] - Looney Labs have sold a derivative as Are You a Werewolf?, as have Asmodée Éditions under the title Werewolves of Millers Hollow, Mayfair Games as Lupus in Tabula (Latin for Werewolves at the Table), and Béziers games as Ultimate Werewolf.
David and Jon Huston created another version in the theme of H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos called Do You Worship Cthulhu, published by Toy Vault, Inc. The main card art was completed by Ron Spencer and Walt Howington designed the Instruction graphics.
A variation of Mafia was used to promote the film Cry Wolf (2005), having one wolf, one shepherd, and a number of sheep, with no day and night phases.
Adam Gopnik devotes a chapter to describing the game in Through the Children's Gate.[4]
In June 2006, a Rockingham school inquiry was launched after parents complained of the traumatic effects classroom Mafia was having on their fifth-grade children.[5]
Ernest Fedorov runs a "Mafia Club" in Kyiv, using his own patented variation of the rules. The club organizes games, rates players, and awards prizes, with the victor of the tournament grand final winning a trip to Sicily.[6]
Notes
- ^ Andrew Plotkin's Werewolf page History section. quotes a 2005 email in which Davidoff explains that he brought Mafia into the Psychology department classrooms for research and it spread (as a meme) from there to dormitories and "likely over next summer, through student summer camps". He credits this game-based methodology to pioneering 1920s psychologist Lev Vygotskiy.
- ^ Arneson, Erik. Board and Card Games Timeline.. About.com also includes Mafia in the "Top 5 Best Voting Games". The reason it is significant is given: Werewolf / Mafia. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. “Werewolf is a favorite at game conventions and has been written about in several mainstream articles.”
- ^ Werewolf A Mind Game. is Plotkin's own description of the original Werewolf version
- ^ Gopnik, Adam (2006). Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York. ISBN 18472432X.
- ^ Davis, Aaron (2006-08-04). School officials still investigating 'Mafia'. Seacoast Media Group. “One parent, Nicole Hollenbeck told The Rockingham News in June, "My child has had sleepless nights, crying before bed because she's afraid that she'll sleep walk and relive the tragic events they talked about in class [...] We teach our kids right from wrong, and this is what they are being taught?"”. The Rockingham News story about investigation into the Mafia games at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School includes Davidoff's response: "I do understand the parents' concern, being a parent myself and having studied child psychology for 25 years. I want to reassure you that the positive message of the game would overcome any possible negative affects of an 'evil narrator.'"
- ^ Berest, Pavlo (2006-03-08). Intellectuals playing mafia games. “Now the rules of the game are the intellectual property of Fedorov.” The club has its own rules, see: Club "Империя Мафии".
